| Part One: About the Monarchy 1747-1973
...
| 13
|
| |
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| I: The Absolute Monarchy
..
.
... | 15
|
| |
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| Chapter One: The State
...
... | 17
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| Section One: The Concept of the State
...... | 17
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| Sub-Section One: Sociological and Political Definitions of the State
.. | 17
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| Sub-Section Two: The Emergence of the State
| 18
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| |
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| Chapter Two: The Afghan State
...
| 21
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| Section One: Indirect Origin of the Afghan State
.
.
| 21
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| Section Two: Direct Origin of the Afghan State
...
| 22
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| Section Three: Foundation of the Afghan State
| 23
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| Sub-Section One: Loya Jirga, Creators of the Afghan State
. | 23
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| Sub-Section Two: Sense and the Essence of Loya Jirga, the Creators of the Afghan State
...
| 24
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| |
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| Chapter Three: The Nation
.
... | 25
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| Section One: The Concept of the Nation
..
. | 25
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| Sub-Section One: The German School
..
| 25
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| Sub-Section Two: The French School
...
| 26
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| Section Two: The Afghan Nation
.. | 26
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| Sub-Section One: The Afghan Nation in the Original Sense
| 26
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| Sub-Section Two: The Afghan Nation in the Actual Sense
..
| 27
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| |
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| Chapter Four: The Constitution
..
.
| 29
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| Section One: The Concept of the Constitution
..
| 29
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| Section Two: The Classification of the Constitution
. | 30
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| Sub-Section One: The Formal and Material Constitutions
.. | 30
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| A. The Formal Constitution
. | 30
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| B. The Material Constitution
..
.. | 31
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| Sub-Section Two: The Soft and Rigid Constitutions
... | 31
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| A. The Soft Constitution
... | 31
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| B. The Rigid Constitution
.
| 32
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| Sub-Section Three: The Written and Habitual Constitutions
.
| 32
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| A. The Written Constitution
.
| 32
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| B. The Oral constitution
...
..
.. | 33
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| |
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| Chapter Five: The Traditional Afghan Constitution of 1747 to 1923
.... | 35
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| Section One: The System of the Afghan State
...
| 36
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| Sub-Section One: The Monarchial System of the Afghan State
| 36
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| Sub-Section Two: The Dynastic Stability of the Afghan Monarchy
.
| 36
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| Section Two: The Judicial Nature of the Monarchial Afghan Regime
.
| 37
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| Sub-Section One: The Levers of Power
..
. | 37
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| Sub-Section Two: The Center of Power
| 38
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| |
|
| II: The Reformist Monarchy 1919-1929
..
..
........
| 41
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| |
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| Chapter One: The Establishment of the First Written Afghan Constitution 19 | 23
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|
| 43
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| Section One: The writing of the Constitution
...
. | 44
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| Sub-Section One: The Authoritarian Methods of Establishing the Constitution
| 44
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| A. The Writing of the decree
...
...
| 44
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| B. The Writing of the Contract
..
| 45
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| Sub-Section Two: The Democratic Methods of Establishing the Constitution
| 45
|
| A. Direct Intervention of the People
...
| 45
|
| B. Indirect Intervention of the People
| 46
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| Section Two: The Technique of Establishing the First Written Afghan Constitution
| 47
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: The Contents of the Constitution of Amanullah
. | 49
|
| Section One: The Political Philosophy of the Constitution of Amanullah
| 49
|
| Sub-Section One: the Philosophical Source of the Constitution of Amanullah
..
| 50
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| A. A Creative Philosophy
...
| 50
|
| B. A Voluntary Philosophy
| 51
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| Sub-Section Two: The Constitutional Consequences of the Political Philosophy
.
| 52
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| A. The Principle of Equality
...
| 53
|
| a. The Significance of the Principle of Equality
| 53
|
| b. The Reaction of the Loya Jirga
. | 54
|
| B. The Principle of Liberty
.
| 55
|
| C. The Principle of Inviolability of Individual Property
| 56
|
| D. The Initiative and Entrepreneurial Rights
..
| 56
|
| E. The Rights of Elected Officials Concerning Disobedience
| 56
|
| Section Two: The Organization of Public Power
.
. | 58
|
| Sub-Section One: The Origin of the Theory of the Separation of Power
.
| 58
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| Sub-Section Two: The Interpretation of the Theory of the Separation of Power
.
| 59
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| Sub-Section Three: The Absence of the Separation of Powers in the Constitution of Amanullah
. | 59
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| A. The Embryo of Legislative Power
.
| 60
|
| B. A Potent Executive Power
.
| 60
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| C. An Independent Judicial Power
.
| 61
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| |
|
| |
|
| III: The Authoritarian Monarchy 1929-1964
..
. | 63
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: The Birth of the Authoritarian Monarchy 1931
.
. | 65
|
| Section One: The Constitution of 1931, Reflect of the Religious Enterprise
| 66
|
| Sub-Section One: The Political Causes of the Religious Enterprise
. | 66
|
| A. Internal Causes
...
| 67
|
| B. External Causes
.
| 67
|
| Sub-Section Two: The Judicial and Political Consequences of the Religious Enterprise
..
. | 68
|
| A. The Deference of the State to Religion
..
| 69
|
| B. The Deference of the King to Religion
..
| 68
|
| C. The Deference of the Statesmen to Religion
..
..
. | 69
|
| D. The Deference of the People to Religion
..
. | 70
|
| Section Two: The Control of Religious Institutions and its role
..
. | 72
|
| Sub-Section One: The Council of the Mullahs
..
| 72
|
| Sub-Section Two: The General Direction of the Education of the Public Opinion/Perception
| 73
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: The Organization of Public Power
..
...
.. | 75
|
| Section One: The Legislative Power
.
| 75
|
| Sub-Section One: The National Assembly
.... | 75
|
| A. The members of the National Assembly
... | 76
|
| B. The policies of the National Assembly
.
. | 76
|
| Sub-Section Two: The Senate
.
.. | 78
|
| A. The composition of the Senate
.
. | 78
|
| B. The policies of the Senate
.. | 78
|
| Section Two: The Power of the King
| 78
|
| Section Three: The Government
.... | 79
|
| |
|
| IV: The Constitutional Monarchy 1963-1973
..
.
..
| 81
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: The Revolution of the Palace 1963
. | 83
|
| Section One: The Principle Factor of the Revolution of the Palace
...... | 83
|
| Section Two: The Secondary Factor of the Revolution of the Palace
..
. | 84
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: The Process of the Establishment of the Constitution of 1964
... | 87
|
| Section One: The Creation of Commissions of the Preparation of the Constitution
...
. | 87
|
| Section Two: The Revealing of the preparation of the Commissions work
.. | 88
|
| Sub-Section One: The Evaluative Commission of the Constitution
.. | 88
|
| Sub-Section Two: The Consultative Commission of the Constitution
. | 89
|
| |
|
| Chapter Three: The influence of the Constitution of 1964
....
...... | 91
|
| Section One: The Birth of the Constitutional Monarchy 1964
.
| 92
|
| Sub-Section One: The Reason behind the Constitutional Monarchy
.... | 92
|
| Section Two: The Characteristics of the Constitutional Monarchy
...
| 93
|
| Sub-Section One: The Limited Powers of the King over the people
. | 93
|
| A. The Preamble of the Constitution 1964
...
| 94
|
| a) The Content of the Preamble
.... | 94
|
| b) The Judicial Nature of the Preamble
| 94
|
| B. The Fundamental Rights and Duties of the People
.. | 96
|
| a) The Principle of Equality
.. | 96
|
| 1) The Philosophical Source of the Principle of Equality
..
| 97
|
| 2) The Domains of the Principle of Equality
...
. | 97
|
| b) The Principle of Liberty
.... | 98
|
| 1) The Liberty of Expression and Opinion
| 98
|
| 2) The Political Liberty
.
. | 99
|
| 3) The Legal Principle
. | 101
|
| Sub- Section Two: Power limitations of the King with respect to the Government
. | 101
|
| A. The existence of a real legislative power
.
| 102
|
| a) Wallassi Jirga..
... | 102
|
| 1) The Composition of the National Assembly..
| 102
|
| 2) The Power of the National Assembly
| 103
|
| b) Masharanou Jirga..
. | 103
|
| 1) The Composition of the Senate..
| 104
|
| 2) The Competence of the Senate
.. | 104
|
| B. The Bipartisan Executive Party...
| 105
|
| a) The Composition of the Government
..
.. | 105
|
| b) The Make up of the Government
| 106
|
| C. The Independent Judicial Power
...
... | 107
|
| a) The Power of the Supreme Court
...
| 107
|
| b) The King's Nominating Powers
...
.. | 108
|
| Sub-Section Three: The Exception on the Limitations of the King's powers
.. | 110
|
| A. The Reasons for Martial Order.
... | 110
|
| B. The Consequences of Martial order
.
| 110
|
| Section Three: The Birth of the Afghanistan Parliament
.
| 111
|
| Sub-Section One: The Origin of Parliamentarianism...
... | 112
|
| Sub-Section Two: The Characteristics of Parliamentarianism
..
.. | 112
|
| A. The Political Responsibility of the Government
..
| 112
|
| a) The Motion of Censure.
. | 114
|
| 1) Partial Reasoning
....
. | 114
|
| 2) Provisional Reasoning
.
| 114
|
| |
|
| b) The Right of Interpolation
...
.. | 115
|
| B. The Right to Dissolve the Parliament
..
| 116
|
| a) The Reason for the Right to Dissolve the Parliament
| 116
|
| b) The Lack of Use of the Right to Dissolve the Parliament
. | 117
|
| |
|
| Part Two: The Republic since 1973
.
.
| 119
|
| |
|
| I: The Authoritarian Republic of 1973-1978
.
| 121
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: The Birth of the Republic of Afghanistan of 1973
| 123
|
| |
|
| Section One: The Coup d'Etat of 1973
..
.. | 123
|
| Sub-section One: The development of the Coup d'Etat of 1973
..... | 123
|
| Sub-section Two: The coup d'Etat of 1973-a model example
| 124
|
| Section Two: The Political Reasons behind the Coup d'Etat of 1973
..... | 125
|
| Sub-section One: The Political Reasons for the Coup d'Etat of 1973
. | 126
|
| A. The Disfunctionality of the Parliament
...
. | 126
|
| a) Chronic absenteeism ..
... | 127
|
| b) Debates
.. | 127
|
| B. The Inertia and the Instability of the Government
...
| 128
|
| a) Coherency
...
...
| 128
|
| b) The Governmental Instability
...
. | 129
|
| c) The Absence of a Majority in the Parliament
.... | 130
|
| Sub-section Two: The Economic Causes of the Coup d'Etat
..
| 131
|
| A. The Reduction in Investments
.
... | 131
|
| B. Famine
.. | 131
|
| Sub-section Three: The Legal Reasons for the Coup d'Etat
| 132
|
| A. The Constitutional ousting of the Royal Family
...
..
. | 132
|
| B. The Fighting of the Daoud Rear Guard
..
. | 133
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: The Process for Establishing the Constitution of 1977
.
| 135
|
| Section One: The Dissemination of the Constitution of 1964
..
... | 135
|
| Section Two: The Preparation of the Constitution of 1977
. | 136
|
| |
|
| Chapter Three: The Characteristics of the Constitution of 1977
. | 139
|
| |
|
| Section One: The Socio-Economic Character of the Constitution of 1977.
| 139
|
| Sub-section One: The Preamble of the Constitution of 1977
..
| 140
|
| Sub-section Two: The Special Socio-Economic stand of the Constitution of 1977
. | 141
|
| Section Two: The Far-Reaching Powers of the President
..
. | 143
|
| Sub-section One: The Presidential Election
...
..
.
.. | 143
|
| A. The Single Candidate...
| 143
|
| B. The Election of the President by Indirect Universal Suffrage
. | 145
|
| Sub-section Two: The Powers of the President of the Republic
.
| 146
|
| A. The Powers of the President during Peace.
.. | 146
|
| B. The Powers of the President during Crisis...
| 146
|
| a) The Proclamation of a State of Crisis
| 147
|
| b) The Consequences of a State of Crisis
..
. | 147
|
| Section Three: The Position of the President in the Government
.
| 148
|
| Sub-section One: The Legislative Powers of the President
.
| 148
|
| A. The Formal Existence of the National Assembly
..
.. | 148
|
| a) The Absence of Open Candidature...
. | 148
|
| b) The Functioning of the National Assembly...
| 149
|
| B. The Absence of a real Legislative Power
.
... | 149
|
| a) The Absence of Legislative Initiative
.
... | 149
|
| b) The Presidential Intervention
. | 150
|
| Sub-section Two: The Governmental Powers of the President of the Republic...
| 151
|
| A. The Constitutive Existence of the Government..
.
| 151
|
| B. The Guide of the Government
.. | 151
|
| C. The Political Responsibility of the Government in front of the President
....
... | 152
|
| Sub-section Three: The Judicial Powers of the President of the Repub | lic
|
|
.
. | 153
|
| A. The Constitutive Existence of the Judicial Authority.
.
| 153
|
| B. The Interdependence of the Judicial System
..
. | 154
|
| a) The Process of Nomination and Revocation of the Judges.... | 154
|
| b) The Role of the Judges
...
.... | 155
|
| Sub-section Four: The Partisanal Powers of the President of the Republic
. | 155
|
| A. The President's Party
...
| 156
|
| B. The Powers of the President of the Republic
..
. | 156
|
| Section Four: The Fundamental Rights and Obligations
.
| 157
|
| |
|
| Chapter Four: The Legal Nature of the First Republic of Afghanistan
..
. | 159
|
| |
|
| Section One: The First Republic of Afghanistan, a Parliamentary regime?..
.. | 159
|
| Sub-section One: The Inexistence of a Cohesive and Unified Government
.. | 159
|
| Sub-section Two: The Absence of Governmental Political Responsibility in front of the National Assembly
| 160
|
| Sub-section Three: The Corruption of the Right of Dissolution
..
.... | 161
|
| Section Two: The First Republic Afghan, a Presidential Regime?..
... | 161
|
| Sub-section One: The Presence of an all Powerful President
..
| 161
|
| Sub-section Two: The Absence of a Legislative Power
..
| 162
|
| Sub-section Three: The Absence of a Strict Separation of powers..
... | 162
|
| Section Three: The First Afghan Republic, a Parliamentary or a Federal Regime?..
. | 163
|
| Sub-section One: The Parliament Divided
..
| 163
|
| Sub-section Two: The Federal Regime
...
..
... | 165
|
| |
|
| |
|
| II: The Communist Republic 1978-1992
..
..
. | 167
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: The Birth of the Communist Republic in 1978.
.
| 169
|
| Section One: The Political Cause of the Communist Republic..
. | 169
|
| Sub-section One: The Division of Power with the Communists....
.
| 169
|
| Sub-section Two: The Ousting of the Communists from Power
..
... | 169
|
| Section Two: The Diplomatic Cause of the Birth of the Communist Republic.. | 170
|
| Sub-section One: The Beginnings of Diplomatic Change....
... | 171
|
| A. The Reconciliation with Iran
..
. | 171
|
| B. The Reconciliation with Pakistan
..
.. | 172
|
| Sub-section Two: The Redispatchment of the Soviet envoys
..
...
| 174
|
| Section Three: The Coup d'Etat of 1978
...
.. | 175
|
| Sub-section One: The Leaders of the Coup d'Etat of 1978
...
..
| 175
|
| Sub-section Two: The Trigger of the Coup d'Etat of 1978
..
...
| 177
|
| Section Four: The Formation of the Government of 1978
.
. | 179
|
| Sub-section One: The Division of Power between the Communists
... | 179
|
| Sub-section Two: The Initial Decisions
..
. | 180
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: The Soviet Invasion of 1979
. | 181
|
| Section One: A Normal Day at the Presidential Palace!
..
| 181
|
| |
|
| Section Two: The Development of the Invasion
..
... | 182
|
| |
|
| Section Three: The Causes of the Soviet Invasion of 1979
. | 183
|
| Sub-section One: The Internal Causes of the Invasion
...
..... | 183
|
| A. The War at the top of the Government.
| 183
|
| a) Factional Fighting.
. | 183
|
| b) Fighting among the Chiefs...
.. | 184
|
| B. The War from the Top of the Government against the People.... | 185
|
| a) The Civil Unrest
....
. | 185
|
| b) The Governmental Suppression
..
.. | 186
|
| Sub-section Two: The External Causes to the Invasion...
..
. | 187
|
| A. Legal Issues
.
. | 187
|
| a) The Act of Legitimate Defense
.
. | 188
|
| b) The Counteraction to Legitimate Defense
. | 188
|
| B. Strategic Factors
...
| 189
|
| a) The Strategic Importance of Afghanistan
.. | 189
|
| b) The Soviet Expansionism
.. | 190
|
| |
|
| Chapter Three: The Constitutional Declaration of 1980
...
| 191
|
| Section One: The unique adoption situation of the Constitutional Declaration of 1980
.
. | 191
|
| |
|
| Section Two: The contents of the Constitutional Declaration of 1980
| 193
|
| Sub-section One: The Socio-Economic Priority
...
...
| 193
|
| Sub-section Two: The Reduction of the Political Rights
...
.
. | 194
|
| |
|
| Chapter Four: The Constitution of 1987
...
..
... | 197
|
| Section One: The Reasons for the Constitution of 1987
.. | 198
|
| Section Two: The Outline of the Constitution of 1987
...
. | 198
|
| Sub-section One: The Changing of the Guard...
..
| 199
|
| Sub-section Two: The Elements of Stability...
..
.. | 200
|
| Section Three: The Form of the Constitution of 1987
. | 201
|
| Sub-section One: The Return in Strength of the Islamic Religion
...... | 202
|
| A. Islam, the Legal Base
..
. | 203
|
| B. Islam, the State Religion
..
| 203
|
| Sub-section Two: The Resumption of Human Rights
. | 204
|
| A. The Principle of Equality
...
.. | 205
|
| B. The Principle of Liberty...
| 205
|
| a) The Idea of the Principle of Liberty
...
.
... | 205
|
| b) The Limits to the Principle of Liberty
.
.. | 206
|
| Section Four: The Essence of the Constitution of 1987
..
| 207
|
| Sub-section One: The Functional and the Structural Benefits of the Combined Power of the President of the Republic
. | 207
|
| A. The Structural Benefits of a Unified Power Position in Normal Circumstances...
...
| 207
|
| a) The Presidential Election
...
| 207
|
| 1) The Requirements of the Candidate
. | 208
|
| 2) Universal Suffrage and Elections
. | 208
|
| b) The Executive Powers of the President of the Republic
... | 209
|
| 1) The Right of Nomination and Revocation
.
.. | 209
|
| 2) The Right of Dissolution.
| 210
|
| c) The Legislative Powers of the President of the Republic.
. | 210
|
| d) The Legal Capacity of the President of the Republic
.... | 211
|
| e) The Partisan Powers of the President of the Republic
.
.. | 211
|
| 1) The Acknowledgement of the National Front
..... | 212
|
| 2) The Special Status of the President's Party
...
.. | 212
|
| B. The Functional and the Structural Advantages of the President's Unified Power during Times of Crisis
...
..
| 213
|
| a) The Proclamation of a State of Crisis
..
.. | 213
|
| b) The Consequence of a State of Crisis.
... | 213
|
| Sub-section Two: The Applied Separation of Powers during Normal Times
...
. | 214
|
| A. The Structure of the Parliament
...
| 214
|
| a) The National Assembly
.. | 215
|
| 1) The Composition of the National Assembly
...
. | 215
|
| 2) The Function of the National Assembly...
...
| 215
|
| 3) The Attributes of the National Assembly
...
. | 216
|
| b) The Senate
.
. | 216
|
| B. The Structure of the Government
..
.. | 218
|
| a) The Composition of the Government
..
.. | 218
|
| b) The Abilities of the Government..
. | 218
|
| C. The Legal structure of the Government
..
. | 219
|
| a) Judicial Power
| 219
|
| b) The Functions of the Court
..
.. | 220
|
| Sub-section Three: The Creation of the Constitutional Council
..
| 220
|
| A. The Structure of the Constitutional Council
...
. | 221
|
| B. The Abilities of the Constitutional Council...
.. | 221
|
| |
|
| Chapter Five: The Constitutional Revision of 1990
...
. | 223
|
| Section One: The Text of the Constitutional Revision of 1990
... | 223
|
| Sub-section One: The Text addressing the Military
..
.. | 224
|
| Sub-section Two: The Political Revision..
...
... | 224
|
| Sub-section Three: The Diplomatic Section
...
..
... | 224
|
| Section Two: The Revisional Procedure of the Constitution of 1987
| 225
|
| Section Three: The Extent of the Effect of the Revision of 1990
... | 226
|
| Sub-section One: An Effect Technically Limited
..
.. | 226
|
| Sub-section Two: A Politically Important Effect..
...
... | 227
|
| |
|
| Chapter Six: The Legal Nature of the Afghani Political Regimes from 1978 to 1 | 992
|
|
..... | 229
|
| Section One: The Influence of the Communist Ideology
...
...
.. | 229
|
| Section Two: The Monopolization of Political Power
...
.
| 230
|
| |
|
| |
|
| III: The Islamic Republic 1992-2001
.
..
| 231
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: The Birth of the Islamic Republic of the Moudjahiddins 1992
. | 232
|
| Section One: The Internal Causes of the Birth of the Islamic Republic.
. | 232
|
| Sub-section One: The Afghan Resistance...
..
...
| 232
|
| A. The Origin of Jihad
...
... | 232
|
| B. The Generalization of Jihad
...
.. | 234
|
| C. The Types of Jihad
..
| 234
|
| a) Tribal War..
| 234
|
| b) Classical War
...
.. | 234
|
| c) Guerilla Warfare
...
. | 235
|
| D. The Victorious Resistance
..
. | 235
|
| Sub-section Two: The Political Failure of the Communists..
..
... | 236
|
| A. The Political Failure of the Religious Concessions
| 237
|
| a) The Ousting of the Communist Leaders
.
..
. | 237
|
| b) The Reconversion of the Communist Leadership
.
| 238
|
| B. The Failure of the Division of Power..
| 239
|
| a) The Appeal to the Monarchists
.
. | 240
|
| b) The Appeal to the Islamists
| 240
|
| Section Two: The External causes of the Birth of the Islamic Republic
.
| 241
|
| Sub-section One: The Failure of Soviet diplomacy
. | 241
|
| A. The Geneva Negotiations...
.
. | 242
|
| a) The Development of the Negotiations
..
.
| 242
|
| b) The Result of the Negotiations of Geneva
...
.. | 242
|
| B. The Failure of the Geneva Accords
...
...
...
| 243
|
| Sub-section Two: The reasons for the failure of the Soviet diplomacy... | 243
|
| |
|
| Section Three: The Formation of the Moudjahiddin Islamic Government in 1 | 992
|
|
. | 244
|
| Sub-section One: The Peshawar Accord
..
... | 245
|
| A. The Peshawar Negotiations
.. | 246
|
| B. The Contents of the Peshawar Accord
. | 246
|
| Sub-section Two: The War of the Moujahiddin chiefs..
..
| 247
|
| A. Tribal disputes.....
. | 248
|
| B. The Mecca Accord
.
.. | 248
|
| a) The Development of Negotiations..
.. | 248
|
| b) The Violation of the Mecca Accord
... | 249
|
| Section Four: The Islamic Constitutional Project of 1993
... | 250
|
| Sub-section One: The Elaboration of the Islamic Constitutional Proje | ct
|
|
.. | 250
|
| Sub-section Two: The Contents of the Islamic Constitutional Project |
.
|
|
.. | 251
|
| A. The Total Acceptance of Islam by the State
...
. | 251
|
| B. The Total Acceptance by the of the Islamic Religion by the People
.
.. | 252
|
| C. The Organization of the Government Power..
.
| 253
|
| a) Executive Power
.
... | 254
|
| 1) Presidential Domination
...
...
.. | 254
|
| i) The Designation of the President of the Republic
| 254
|
| ii) The Executive Powers of the President of the Islamic State
..
| 255
|
| iii) The Legislative Powers of the President of the Islamic State
..
| 255
|
| 3) The Islamic Government...
.
. | 256
|
| i) The Composition of the Government..
.
. | 256
|
| ii) The Abilities of the Government...
. | 256
|
| b) Legislative Power
.... | 257
|
| 1) The Composition of the Supreme Council
..
. | 257
|
| 2) The Attributes of the Supreme Council
.
.. | 257
|
| i) The Legislative Functions of the Council
. | 257
|
| ii) The Control of the Council
..
. | 258
|
| c) Judicial Power..
.. | 258
|
| 1) The Composition of the Court...
.
. | 258
|
| 2) The Power of the Court.
.. | 258
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: The Birth of the Taliban Islamic Republic in 1996
..
.
| 261
|
| Section One: The Origins of the Taliban
...
..
| 261
|
| Sub-section One: The External Origins of the Taliban
..
..
| 261
|
| Sub-section Two: The Internal Origins of the Taliban
| 262
|
| |
|
| Section Two: The Fall of the Taliban
...
..
. | 264
|
| Sub-section One: The Political Failure of the Taliban
.
.... | 265
|
| Sub-section Two: September 11, 2001
...
. | 265
|
| |
|
| Section Three: The American Military Intervention
...
| 266
|
| Section Four: The Role of the Northern Alliance
. ..
| 267
|
| |
|
| IV: The Role of the post Taliban provisional Government 2001-2001
..
.
.. | 270
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: The Bonn Accord 2001
...
.. | 273
|
| Section One: The players in the Bonn Negotiations
| 273
|
| Sub-section One: The Afghan players in the Bonn negotiations
..
.. | 274
|
| A. The Northern Alliance
| 274
|
| B. The Rome Delegation
...
.. | 275
|
| C. The Peshawar Delegation...
| 276
|
| D. The Cypriot Delegation
... | 276
|
| E. Ethnic or Political Criteria
...
... | 276
|
| Sub-section Two: The State Players...
. | 277
|
| Sub-section Three: The Onusian players
..
...
| 277
|
| Section Two: The Development of the Bonn Negotiations
..
..
. | 279
|
| Sub-section One: The Bilateral and Multilateral Discussions
..
.. | 279
|
| Sub-section Two: The Significant Points of the Bonn Negotiations
.. | 280
|
| A. The Designation of the Head of the Government
.
.
. | 280
|
| a) The Ousting of Rabbani.
| 280
|
| b) The Reasons for Ousting Rabbani
.
| 281
|
| c) The Naming of Karzai...
| 282
|
| B. The Nominations of the Ministers
..
. | 282
|
| Section Three: The Contents of the Bonn Accord
...
| 283
|
| Sub-section One: The Political Shutter of the Bonn Accord
...
.... | 284
|
| A. The Intermediary Administration
..
.. | 284
|
| a) The Composition of the Intermediary Administration
..
. | 284
|
| b) The Abilities of the Intermediary Administration
.
| 285
|
| B. The Judicial Power
... | 285
|
| C. The Independent Administrative Authorities
..
. | 285
|
| a) The Public and The Judicial Commissions
...
. | 285
|
| b) The Human Rights Commission.
... | 286
|
| Sub-section Two: The Security Shutter of the Bonn Accord
...
... | 287
|
| A. The Creation of the National Afghan Army
..
.. | 287
|
| B. The Creation of the ISAF
. | 288
|
| a) The Composition of the ISAF
| 288
|
| b) The Hesitations
...
... | 289
|
| c) The Mission of the ISAF
| 291
|
| d) The Sphere of Activity of the ISAF
...
| 291
|
| i) Against the Extension of the Influence of Activity of the ISAF
...
.. | 292
|
| ii) For the Extension of the Umbrella of the ISAF
. | 292
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: The Emergency LOYA JIRGA 2002
..
| 295
|
| |
|
| Section One: The Origin of the LOYA JIRGA
...
| 295
|
| Section Two: The Institutionalization of the LOYA JIRGA
... | 296
|
| Section Three: The composition of the emergency Loya Jirga
... | 298
|
| Sub-section One: Designation or Election
..
. | 298
|
| Sub-section Two: The Representation of the Loya Jirga
..
.. | 300
|
| |
|
| Section Four: The Mission of the Emergency Loya Jirga
... | 302
|
| Sub-section One: Restoration of the Monarchy?
.
..
.. | 302
|
| A. Against the Restoration of the Monarchy
.
.. | 302
|
| B. For the Restoration of the Monarchy
.
.
| 302
|
| C. The Discussion or the Argument
..
... | 303
|
| Sub-section Two: The Creation of a Mini-Parliament
..
...
.... | 303
|
| A. The Abandonment of the Idea of a Mini Parliament in Bonn
.. | 304
|
| B. The Consideration of a Mini Parliament in Kabul
... | 304
|
| Section Five: The Development of the Emergency Loya Jirga
... | 305
|
| Sub-section One: The Wavering of the Loya Jirga
...
.. | 305
|
| Sub-section Two: The Election of the Transitional Administration's President
..
. | 306
|
| Section Six: The Formation of the Transition Administration, June 2002
.
| 307
|
| Sub-section One: The Change in Direction
...
.. | 307
|
| A. The Reasons for Resignation...
| 307
|
| B. The Reasons for an ousting..
..
.. | 308
|
| Sub-section Two: The Official Explanation of the Change in Direction. | 309
|
| |
|
| Third part: Which Constitution and what kind of Political Organization for Afghanistan and the Other Muslim Countries?
.
..
.. | 311
|
| |
|
| I: Islamic Constitution or Laοque Constitution for Afghanistan?
..
.. | 315
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: An Islamic Constitution for Afghanistan?
.. | 317
|
| |
|
| Section One: Which Islam?
. | 317
|
| Sub-section One: The Traditional Interpretation of Islam
..
. | 318
|
| Sub-section Two: The Modern Interpretation of Islam
..
. | 319
|
| Sub-section Three: Selection of the Criteria from which to choose..
.. | 321
|
| A. The Demographic Criteria
..
. | 321
|
| B. The Demographic Criteria: Democratic or Antidemocratic?
.. | 322
|
| a) Democratic
| 322
|
| b) Antidemocratic
... | 322
|
| Sub-section Four: The choice of the Afghan Constituents.
...
.. | 323
|
| A. The Clear Choice
..
... | 323
|
| a) The Constitution of 1931...
| 324
|
| b) The Constitution of 1964
...
| 324
|
| c) The Constitution of 1977
...
| 324
|
| d) The Constitutional project of 1993
...
. | 325
|
| B. The Implied Choice...
... | 325
|
| a) The Constitution of 1923
...
| 325
|
| b) The Constitutional Declaration of 1980
. | 326
|
| c) The Constitution of 1987
...
| 327
|
| Sub-section Five: The Inevitable Exclusion of a Segment of the Afghan Population
| 327
|
| A. The Exclusion of the non-Muslim Afghans
...
.. | 327
|
| B. The Exclusion of the Muslim Afghans, non-Hanafites
..
. | 329
|
| Section Two: Which Islamic Constitution?
...
.. | 330
|
| Sub-section One: What is the Islamic Constitution
...
.. | 330
|
| A. The Inexistence of the Idea of an Islamic Constitution
...
| 330
|
| a) The Inexistence in Theory of an Islamic Constitution
... | 330
|
| b) The Inexistence in Practice of an Islamic Constitution
. | 333
|
| B. The Causes of the Inexistence of an Islamic Constitution
..
| 334
|
| a) The Absence of the "State" in Islam..
| 334
|
| b) The "State", a Laοque Idea
...
.. | 334
|
| Sub-section Two: "State", Islam; Two Incompatible Ideas
....
..
... | 335
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: A Laοque Constitution for Afghanistan
..
...
.
| 337
|
| Section One: What is a Laοque Constitution?
.. | 337
|
| Section Two: Fundamental Criteria for a Laοque Constitution
...
. | 338
|
| Sub-section One: The Absolute Neutrality of a State
..
| 339
|
| Sub-section Two: The Absolute Respect of the Principle of Equality
| 339
|
| A. The Outlawing of Discrimination
...
| 340
|
| B. The Incompatibility between Equality and Islam
| 340
|
| Sub-section Three: The Respect for the Principle of Liberty
..
| 342
|
| A. The Idea of Liberty
....
.. | 342
|
| B. The Limits of Liberty
...
| 343
|
| Sub-section Four: The Principle of the Separation of Powers
....
. | 344
|
| Section Three: The Possibility or Impossibility of a Laοque Constitution in Afghanistan
.
. | 345
|
| Sub-section One: The Impossibility and Disadvantages for a Laοque Constitution in Afghanistan
. | 346
|
| Sub-section Two: The Possibility and the Advantages for a Laοque Constitution in Afghanistan
. | 347
|
| |
|
| II: Parliamentary Constitution or Presidential Constitution for Afghanistan
| 351
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: The Incompatibility between Islam and the Presidential or Parliamentary Governmental Organizations
..
| 351
|
| Section One: The Advantage of the Non-Separation of Powers in Islam to the Constituents
..
...
| 352
|
| Sub-section One: The Islamic Monocracy
..
.... | 352
|
| Sub-section Two: The Fundamental Philosophy of the Islamic Monocr | acy
|
|
. | 353
|
| Section Two: The Incompatibility between Islamic Philosophy and Enlightened Philosophy..
.... | 354
|
| Chapter Two: A Parliamentary Government for Afghanistan
..
... | 357
|
| Section One: What is a Parliamentary Governmental Organization
... | 357
|
| Sub-section One: An Independent and Specialized Legislature
.
. | 357
|
| Sub-section Two: An Autonomous and Specialized Executive
...
.. | 358
|
| Sub-section Three: A Collaborative Organization
..
...
. | 358
|
| A. Political Governmental Responsibility
..
..
| 359
|
| B. The Right to Dissolution.
. | 359
|
| Section Two: The Advantages and the Disadvantages of a parliamentary style of Government for Afghanistan
..
. | 360
|
| Sub-section One: The Principle Disadvantage of a Parliamentary syst | em.
|
|
.. | 360
|
| A. The Risk of an Unstable and Incoherent Majority in Parliament | 360
|
| B. Possible Legal Solutions
.
. | 361
|
| a) Rationalization
...
| 361
|
| c) Majority elections
.
. | 362
|
| C. Yet to be found solutions
.
| 363
|
| Sub-section Two: The Principle Advantage of a Parliamentary Organization
. | 365
|
| A. The Collaboration of Governmental Sections
..
..
.. | 365
|
| a) The Political Responsibility of the Government
..
. | 365
|
| b) The Right to Dissolution of the Government
| 367
|
| B. The Transformation of a Classic Parliamentary Structure
..
| 367
|
| a) The Incoherency in the Theory of the Separation of Powers. | 368
|
| b) The Risk in the Political Non-Separation of the Powers
... | 369
|
| Chapter Three: A Presidential Organization for Afghanistan
..
... | 371
|
| Section One: What is a Presidential Organization
..
| 371
|
| Sub-section One: The Similar Ideas of a Presidential Organization
... | 371
|
| A. A Semi-Presidential Organization
..
. | 371
|
| B. A Presidential Organization
..
.. | 372
|
| Sub-section Two: The Origin of the Presidential System
..
.. | 373
|
| Sub-section Three: The Criteria of a Presidential System
..
..
.. | 374
|
| A. A Powerful and Independent Executive..
| 374
|
| a) The President, the Unique Holder of the Executive Power.. | 374
|
| b) The Absence of a Unified and Electoral Government
.. | 375
|
| B. An Independent and Powerful Legislature..
| 375
|
| |
|
| Section Two: The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Presidential organization for Afghanistan
..
.. | 376
|
| Sub-section One: The Principle Disadvantages of a Presidential Organization
..
.. | 376
|
| A. The Absence of a Judicial Collaboration on the powers
. | 377
|
| B. The Political Solution
..
... | 377
|
| Sub-section Two: The Principle Advantages of a Presidential Organization
. | 378
|
| A. The Stability of the Executive and Legislative Powers
.
.. | 378
|
| B. The Causes of the Stability in Political Powers
.. | 379
|
| |
|
| III: Constitutional Monarchy or a Republican Constitution for Afghanistan
. | 381
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: A Monarchical Constitution for Afghanistan?
..
| 383
|
| Section One: What is a Monarchy?
..
.. | 383
|
| Sub-section One: The Absolute Monarchy
..
..
. | 383
|
| Sub-section Two: The Constitutional Monarchy
..
..
| 384
|
| Section Two: The Advantages and the Disadvantages of a Monarchy for Afghanistan
.. | 385
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: A Republican Constitution for Afghanistan?
..
.. | 387
|
| Section One: What is a Republic?
..
. | 387
|
| Sub-section One: The Authoritarian Republic..
..
| 388
|
| Sub-section Two: The Communist Republic..
..
.. | 388
|
| Sub-section Three: The Islamic Republic
..
.. | 389
|
| Sub-section Four: The Democratic Republic
....
.. | 390
|
| A. The Free Election of a President through Universal Suffrage
. | 390
|
| B. The Separation of the Powers..
... | 391
|
| Section Two: The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Republic for Afghanis | tan
|
|
. | 391
|
| |
|
| IV: Federal Constitution or a Unified Constitution for Afghanistan..
.... | 393
|
| |
|
| Chapter One: A Unified State for Afghanistan?
..
.
| 395
|
| Section One: What is a Unitarian State?
.. | 395
|
| Sub-section One: The definition of a Unitarian State
..
| 395
|
| Sub-section Two: The types of Unitarian States
...
.
.. | 396
|
| A. The Condensed State
..
. | 396
|
| B. The Loose State
..
. | 397
|
| C. The Decentralized State
..
| 397
|
| a) Functional Decentralization
.
.. | 398
|
| b) Geographical decentralization
..
. | 398
|
| D. The Regionalized State
..
.. | 400
|
| Section Two: The Advantages and the Disadvantages of a Unitarian State for Afghanistan
.. | 402
|
| Sub-section One: The Advantages of the Unitariam State
..
| 402
|
| Sub-section Two: The Disadvantages of the Unitarian State..
..
. | 402
|
| |
|
| Chapter Two: A Federal State for Afghanistan?
..
..
... | 405
|
| Section One: What is a Federal State?
..
.. | 405
|
| Sub-section One: The definition of a Federal State
| 405
|
| Sub-section Two: The process of creating a Federal State
.
. | 406
|
| A. The creation of a Federal State through the Integration of Independent States
..
..
.. | 406
|
| a) The Transformation of a Confederation into a Federation.... | 406
|
| b) The Causes of the Transformation from a confederation into a Federation
..
.
.. | 407
|
| B. A Federal State through the Disintegration of a Unified State
| 408
|
| Sub-section Three: The Organization of the Federal State
..
| 408
|
| A. The Federated Organization
. | 408
|
| a) The Federated Parliament..
| 409
|
| b) The Federated Government..
. | 411
|
| c) The Federated Courts..
.. | 411
|
| B. The Federal Organization
..
.. | 412
|
| a) The Federal Parliament
..
| 412
|
| i) The Lower House..
.. | 412
|
| ii) The Upper House..
.. | 412
|
| c) The Federal Government
..
| 413
|
| d) The Federal Supreme court
..
.
| 414
|
| Section Two: The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Federal State for Afghanistan
| 415
|
| Sub-section One: The Advantages of a Federal State
.. | 415
|
| Sub-section Two: The Disadvantages of a Federal State
...
.. | 416
|
| |
|
| Conclusion
.
.. | 417
|
| |
|
| Chronology
...
| 419
|
| |
|
| Bibliography
..
... | 429
|
| |
|
| Index
. | 433
|